In 1992, McCalmont and colleagues suggested the term "livedo vasculopathy" as a synonym for livedo vasculitis. In their opinion, the designations livedo vasculitis, segmental hyalinizing vasculitis, and atrophie blanche were designating one and the same disease (Fig. 9). [31] The authors had observed that fibrinopeptide A levels were elevated markedly in the serum of six patients with livedo vasculitis and they found that features that they deemed requisite for making the diagnosis of small vessel vasculitis, namely, leukocytoclasis, infiltrates of neutrophils in vessel walls, and immunoreactants within vessel walls, were absent in lesions of livedo vasculitis. They concluded that a "thrombogenic state" might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and, therefore, considered the term livedo vasculopathy more appropriate than livedo vasculitis. A similar suggestion had already been made a decade earlier, by Shornick et al. Those colleagues had studied atrophie blanche, which they used synonymously with segmental hyalinizing vasculitis, and with livedo reticularis with summer ulceration. In 12 patients they noted absence of typical features of leukocytoclastic vasculitis such as infiltrates of leukocytes and leukocytoclasis and suggested that the condition should be termed a vasculopathy in order to differentiate it clearly from leukocytoclastic vasculitis.