"bluish retiform mottling of the skin of the extremities, particularly of the legs. About the ankles there is mild edema; there are also telangiectasia, occasional scars." [4]

"patchy livedo reticularis of the extremities, pigmented scars, and multiple irregular ulcerations about the ankles, especially over the lateral malleoli." [5]

"Vesicular, bullous, or hemorrhagic lesions of evidently similar origin to the atrophy may occur in the course of the disease. These lesions as well as the ulcers, eventuate in areas of atrophy typical of atrophie blanche en plaque." [7]

"Dark-blue spots would appear on the legs, ankles, and feet, especially on the medial malleoli; one occurred on the plantar surface of the right foot followed by aching and swelling of the legs and feet. . . . Subsequently ulcerations would develop in several of the bluish sites; purulent drainage and finally healing of the ulcers resulted in a pigmented scar. The ulcers were severely painful, especially at night. . . . Shortly after the development of edema there occurred bluish-red infarctive areas. . . . The infarctive lesions and ulcerations would appear spontaneously, and no prior trauma or insect bite was suspected. . . . Healing would occur later and result in an atrophic, pigmented scar. . . . The initial lesion would appear as a painful, red-to-purple, hemorrhagic or infarctive area, and the ulcers which developed were generally irregular in shape and of various sizes 0.cm. to 1 to 2 cm. in diameter; they were superficial or deep, and either discrete or confluent." [8]

"There was a mottled, bluish discoloration of both feet, intense over the toes and less marked over the right ankle. The toes of both feet felt cold to touch. The left fourth toe was entirely blue and had as ischemic ulcer." [9]

"There were many darkblue spots with ulcerations, all extremely painful, especially at night. There were also lots of pigmented scars." [18]

"telangiectatic purpuric areas. . . . undergo superficial necrosis and later heal with residual white atrophic scars. . . . The lesions occur at periodic intervals, are frequently painful and only involve the legs, ankles, and dorsal surfaces of the feet." [11]

"deep and barely palpable linear and angular, slightly inflammatory nodules of the skin around the lower legs, ankles, dorsum of foot, and instep. none of the patients in this series had livedo reticularis . . . " [12]

"focal purpura proceed[s] to configurate, stellate, infarctive ulcers covered with a dark adherent eschar and surrounded by a border of inflammation. A localized and incomplete form of livedo may occur with these lesions. . . . Close inspection reveals a patchy, reticulated inflammation commonly composed of hemosiderosis." [13]

"purpuric infiltrated papules and plaques undergo superficial necrosis and eventually heal, with residual white atrophic scars. There were numerous superficial ulcers, together with telangiectatic, purpuric areas and scattered petechiae. Small hemorrhagic crusts and irregularly shaped white atrophic scars were present." [14]

"[a] painful petechial eruption associated with infarctive ulcers of the legs, ankles, and dorsum of the feet. . . . In many patients, the appearance of the recurrent lesions progressed to a porcelain-white scar, typical of atrophie blanche." [19]

"These (multiple small purpuric papules) papules were surrounded by small to large white depressed scars. At the most proximal point was a small ulcer, surrounded by erythematous and purpuric papules." [20]

"Chronic recurrent crops of painful violaceous papules and vesicles that progress to ulcerations on legs." [21]

"Primary lesions of recurrent painful, purpuric macules and papules which undergo superficial necrosis and ulceration. . . . Secondary changes which are hallmark of atrophie blanche: white, atrophic scars with peripheral telangiectasia and hyperpigmentation." [22]

"Some of these early lesions resolved, leaving small, depressed, interconnected scars that formed a reticular pattern. Others became necrotic and coalesced to form angular ulcers . . . Pain associated with this syndrome is more diffuse and more sever than the appearance of the lesions would suggest." [15]

"(1) recurrent painful ulcerations (2) location on the ankles or distal lower extremities (3) morphologic lesions beginning as macular purpura 1 to 2mm in diameter, eventuating in ulceration in the centre, and a purpuric border . . . These lesions (livedo vasculitis) heal with a stellate-shaped depressed white scar with a slightly elevated border characterized by tiny telangiectatic vessels." [23]

"small ulcers mainly on laterally on the left ankles. The ulcers were of the type associated with telangiectasia, pigmentation, and atrophic scars." [24]

"areas of livedo reticularis . . . and several well demarcated ulcers . . . with areas of atrophie blanche at sites of healed lesions." [25]

"purpura, white atrophy, ulcers and scars can always be seen at the same time with variable combinations. . . . In patients with chronic course, white atrophy and scars predominate, while in patients with acute course or acute exacerbation of chronic course, purpura, hemorrhagic vesicles and ulcers predominate." [26]

"On the skin of lower extremities there were multiple pinpoint haemorrhagic crusts, superficial ulcerations varying in size from 2mm to 1,5cm, and hypopigmented atrophic scars at the sites of previous ulcerations. . . . The areas of scar were stellate in shape and surrounded by deposits of hemosiderin and punctate angiomatous papules. . . . Patches of erythema surrounded some of the ulcers." [27]

" . . . painful livedo reticularis and necrosis on both ankles, calves, and, to a lesser extent, on the elbows; subcutaneous nodules on the legs and periungual telangiectasia without any necrosis of the toes or fingers." [28]

"Persistent painful areas of ulceration on the lower legs and feet, surrounded by purpulish reticulate discoloration." [29]

"The skin shows a background of slight hyperpigmentation in a reticulate pattern with focal shallow ulceration. Previous ulcerations had healed with stellate, atrophic white scars." [16]

"reticulated, partially blanching erythematous patches with petechiae covered the legs. Superficial areas of ulcerations were noted near ankles, but there was no pedal edema or associated hyperpigmentation. . . . Avascular scarred areas, some located where previous ulcers had healed, were scattered within the reticulated eruption, particularly near the ankles." [30]

"Brightly erythematous puncta, apparently enlarged capillary loops, were visible in the skin surrounding the ulcers. . . . There was no livedo reticularis. The ulcers began as small discontinuous areas of purpura and formed painful reticulate or angular ulcerations on both feet and lower legs." [31]

"Several variously sized edematous, erythematous to purpuric papules and plaques, as well as few well-demarcated ulcers were noted over both lower legs and dorsa of the feet. Areas of white atrophic scars surrounded by hyperpigmentation and telangiectasia were also found." [32]

"livedo reticularis on the extremities, and chronic, painful ulcers and atrophie blanche on the lower legs and ankles." [33]

"focal, painful purpuric lesions of the lower extremities that frequently ulcerate and slowly heal, leaving white stellate, atrophic scars (atrophie blanche), telangiectasia, hemosiderin ic livedolike hyperpigmentation, and livedo racemosa." [17]

"These ulcers (livedoid vasculitis) were bizarre in appearance with sharply demarcated edges, induration and telangiectasia. . . . livedoid rash with hyperpigmentation around the ankles and feet with cribriform ulceration and atrophie blanche." [34]

"well-demarcated ulcers covered with an eschar, as well as edematous, erythematous to purpuric papules and plaques. . . . In addition, erythematous to blue reticulated patches were present" [35]

"purpuric papules, petechiae and superficial ulceration on the lower legs, ankles and dorsal lateral surfaces of both feet." [36]

"The irregularly shaped ulcers heal slowly to leave behind stellate porcelain white scars (atrophie blanche) with surrounding hyperpigmentation (hemosiderin deposition) and telangiectasia."[ 37]

"ulceration surrounded by racemose livedo and spots of white atrophy on the left leg." [38]

"The ulcer edges were irregular, and little granulation tissue was present. There was surrounding erythema and tenderness and areas of pearly white scarring." [39]

"Shallow ulcers and crusting with stellate, porcelain-white scarring and surrounding hyperpigmentation on the lower extremities and dorsal feet . . . " [40]

"multiple ulcers and purpura pigmentosa chronica on his lower legs, ankles and feet. . . . painful ulcers, branching white scars and purpura pigmentosa chronica on her ankles and dorsal surface of feet." [41]

"1 bizarrely shaped and 2 rounded ulcers at the left medial and lateral malleolus surrounded by reddish-blue mottled skin discolorations in a net-like pattern." [42]